24The Chinese state enforces an outlying–metropolitan divide just from the institutionalizing the brand new division of the country into the outlying and you can metropolitan nations (Piotrowski et al., 2016) in addition to because of the separating the country’s inhabitants to the people who have urban and you will rural household registrations. Asia introduced the newest hukou system throughout the 1950s so you can limitation outlying-to-metropolitan migration in order to protect metropolitan professionals out-of race posed by the migrants away from rural section (Knight mais aussi al., 2006). Individuals with urban hukou appreciate preferential therapy into the a career and you will public security, and this try especially the circumstances in the basic about three ).