Pointers comes from Robert Hoberman (individual communications). That it is apparently broadly member of one’s Jewish dialects off a great many other towns and cities of area too, plus Aqra and you can Rawanduz.
Yet not, inside dialect you will find an incredibly strange transform from h in order to h from the 3rd people singular possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’
Azerbaijan (Azer): The words of your Jews of Iranian Azerbaijan, plus communities from inside the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you can Yuksekova. Data is out of Garbell (1965).
Halabja (Hala): The language of your own Jews of Halabja towards the Iran-Iraq edging. This is extremely near the Jewish dialects of one’s most other places of your part, together with Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and you can Panjwin. Information is inspired by my personal notes.
We will contrast these types of languages for twenty-five phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and you will lexical standards. After the Hetzron (1976, 98), i’ve chosen only innovations given that criteria having category. You will find chose an excellent disproportionate quantity of morphological criteria, and we shall give them special lbs, once again pursuing the Hetzron, but almost every other shared innovations was thought to be better.
Note along with the harder conservation and also insertion regarding inside Koy Sanjaq advertised because of the Hoberman (1985)
Once we evaluate the latest dialects out-of NENA we’re going to just be sure to dictate new extent to which the fresh new languages share a distinct development hence differs from Turoyo and you will Mandaic. At the same time, we’re going to look for bundles of isoglosses contained in this NENA.
(1) Fret are penultimate in most this new NA dialects, in addition to Turoyo and you may Mandaic although not throughout the three easternmost Jewish languages, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you can Halabja, which generally be concerned the past syllable. This type of dialects check, in this way, as in additional (Garbell 1965), to exhibit an unusually solid influence away from Kurdish.
(2) All the NENA languages provides merged h and you may x. Inside the Hertevin the result is h, and every where otherwise it is x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you may dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]a good ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and you may +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)
Both Turoyo and you can Mandaic hold independent h and you can x. Specific NENA dialects provides reintroduced h once the a borrowing from the bank regarding Kurdish or Arabic or away from Classical Syriac otherwise Hebrew.(5) However, the newest inherited vocabulary continuously reveals x. For example, within the Tisqopa there are borrowed Arabic terms, such sahabi ‘friend’, that have h, however, passed on words particularly laxma ‘bread’ constantly let you know x. (6)
(3) The NENA languages but Hertevin and you can Zakho have lost really period out of passed on. Such as for example, inside Aradhin we discover arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ comparable to Syriac arb good and you may afra. In the Hertevin plus Zakho, inherited are regularly ?: Hertevin so?an effective ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?la ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you will Alon 1979, 189). A number of other dialects some are preserved because www.datingranking.net/tr/single-parent-match-inceleme?, and you may, on other people, is gone completely. Specific languages has reintroduced lent regarding Arabic otherwise Kurdish. Instance, Halabja keeps ayza ‘good’.
(4) Inside the prior to languages away from Aramaic, such as Tiberian Hebrew, t turned [Theta] just after an effective vowel. So it alternation has been lexicalized when you look at the NENA, which have sometimes t or [Theta] dispersed as a result of entire paradigms, if preceded by a vowel or not. Including, in Aradhin this new verb ‘come’ is now offering [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, in addition to [Theta]e:los angeles ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Further, in a few languages brand new phoneme [Theta] possess experienced more changes. In certain dialects [Theta] features blended back once again to t, as well as in someone else it has become s if you don’t l.(7) In one dialect, Jilu, it’s become h then become removed but in the start of a keyword. The three easternmost Jewish dialects express the brand new alarming change off [Theta] to at least one. The outcomes ones alter is seen from the keyword ‘house’ and this looks in almost any dialects because the end up being:[Theta beneficial]an excellent (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and you may besa (Sanandaj Christian).
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